Prostate Cancer

The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder in males. Its primary function is to secrete prostatic fluid, which forms a significant portion of seminal fluid, and to help propel sperm during ejaculation.
Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate grow uncontrollably. It is the most common cancer among men worldwide.

Prostate cancer develops when genetic mutations cause abnormal cell growth in the prostate gland. These cells multiply rapidly, forming tumors that can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. While the exact cause is unknown, several factors contribute to this abnormal growth.

Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, originating in glandular cells of the prostate.
Small Cell Carcinoma: A rare, aggressive form of prostate cancer.
Neuroendocrine Tumors: Uncommon tumors that develop from neuroendocrine cells.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Begins in the urethra and spreads to the prostate.

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing prostate cancer:

• Age: Risk rises significantly after age 50.
• Family History: Having a father or brother with prostate cancer increases risk.
• Geography: More common in North America and Northwestern Europe; less common in Asia.
• Diet: High-fat diets and frequent consumption of red meat are linked to higher risk.

Early-stage prostate cancer often has no symptoms. As the tumor grows and presses on the urethra, symptoms may include:

• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine flow
• Pain or burning during urination
• Incomplete bladder emptying
• Blood in urine (in advanced cases)

If symptoms suggest prostate cancer, doctors may use:

• Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): A physical exam to check prostate size and texture.
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Elevated PSA levels may indicate cancer.
• MRI: Provides detailed imaging of the prostate.
• Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) and Biopsy: Ultrasound-guided sampling of prostate tissue.
• MRI/Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy: Combines imaging for precise tumor targeting.

Treatment depends on cancer stage, patient health, and quality-of-life considerations:

Surgery:

Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Minimally invasive surgery using small incisions.
Robotic-Assisted Surgery (Da Vinci System): Offers better precision, reduced pain, and lower risk of incontinence and erectile dysfunction.

Radiation Therapy:

External Beam Radiation or Brachytherapy (internal radiation).

Chemotherapy: Used for advanced or aggressive cancers.
Hormone Therapy: Reduces testosterone to slow cancer growth; used after surgery or for metastatic cases.